The Rationality Of Azande Witchcraft

The Rationality Of Azande Witchcraft Rationality is the way in which we come to form our decisions and views, to say that something is rational, one might say that it is characterised by reason. Rationality arose in the 17th and 18th centuries when philosophers, such as Descartes and Locke, started declaring that the use of reason was the best method of obtaining objective truths. It was also at this time that science became central in Western thinking. The ability to reason was believed to be the one essential difference that separates man from other animals. As the importance of rationality grew in Western society other traditions and superstitions were deemed irrational and lost place in Western society. Things that were now unexplainable through rational means became invalid. Rationality is a vital concept to anthropologists as it has a tremendous impact on how they interpret the way of life for the culture that they are studying. In order to understand if Azande witchcraft is rational one must understand the backgr ound behind their beliefs and how they were formulated. In this essay I will be exploring the relationship between rationality and Azande witchcraft. Witchcraft may be defined as The use of supernatural powers for the purpose of obtaining and exercising control over other people, circumstances, or events. Witchcraft often poses problems anthropologists, as its supernatural nature is perhaps conflicting to the common Western notions of rationality, mainly deemed superior. E.E. Evans-Pritchard describes in great detail in his ethnography Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande, the beliefs and practices of the African tribe. In it he states how fundamental this witchcraft is everyday Azande life, saying it is apparent in their law and morals, etiquette and religion; it is prominent in technology and language. He even goes so far as to say that there is no niche or corner of Zande culture into which it does not twist itself. According to the Azande witchcraft is believed to be a substance in the belly, which is inherited from parents of the same sex. The substance can remain dormant, meaning someone might not know that they are a witch. However it is believed that sometimes this substance will act by striking someone the witch seeks revenge upon. Because witchcraft is believed to always be present, there are several rituals connected to protection from and cancelling of witchcraft that are performed almost daily. When something out of the ordinary occurs, usually something bad, to an individual, they may blame witchcraft, just as non-Zande people may say bad luck. Luck may be defined as an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another. According to Azande belief, various misfortunes encountered in daily life may be attributed to the action of witches. Someone may fall ill, crops may fail or a hut may catch fire. Such events may be due to the magic of a witch who lives nearby. Azande witchcraft involves no rituals, spells or medicines. Evans-Pritchard describes it is a psychic act whereby the soul of witchcraft leaves a witchs body and travels over not too great a distance to interfere with its victim (1976: 10-2). Witches inherit the property of being a witch from a parent of the same sex. Their bodies contain a witchcraft substance found in their belly, which is what makes them a witch. After the death of a suspected witch, it may be determined whether they were indeed a witch by examining the contents of their intestines for the presence of witchcraft-substance (1976: 15-6). The poison oracle serves as a norm on the basis of which Azande accept beliefs about events which occur in daily life. This norm is different from any norm that we possess. However, it does not suffice for relativism merely to provide an instance of an alternative epistemic norm. It must also be argued that rational justification is relative to the norms that are in fact employed within different belief systems. The Azande employ a number of techniques to determine the action of unseen forces. One of these, which Evans-Pritchard calls the poison oracle, is used to answer a very broad range of questions not limited to witchcraft (1976: 122). The poison oracle is the preferred way for the Azande to determine whether a particular mishap is due to the action of a witch. In the poison oracle, a poisonous substance known as benge is administered to a chicken (1976: 134-8). A series of questions is posed. The chicken is either unaffected by the poison or, more frequently, has violent spasms. Sometimes the chicken dies. But just as often it survives. The manner in which the chicken reacts to the poison is interpreted as indicating the presence or absence of witchcraft. In certain circumstances, for example if a legal matter is at stake, poison is administered to a second chicken in order to confirm the result. When this is done, the questions are framed in such a way that, if the chicken dies the first time, the second chicken must survive, and vice versa. The Azandes use of the poison oracle is an example of an epistemic norm that differs from any norm that we employ.1 For the Azande, appeal to the oracle provides reason to believe that a particular occurrence either is or is not the result of witchcraft. The oracle serves as an epistemic norm which operates in Azande society as the basis for beliefs about witchcraft. In this paper, I will use the Azand e poison oracle as an example to illustrate the epistemological relativist claim that epistemic norms vary with belief system. Evans-Pritchard in his ethnographic text Witchcraft Oracles and Magic Among the Azande wrote about the Azande people of Sudan. The belief in witches and witchcraft was an integral part of Azande life at this time. Evans-Pritchard gives the example of when an old granary collapses, killing or injuring somebody resting beneath it. He stresses that Zande people know that termites eat away at the wood, and that in the heat the granary provides shade. The Azande people however seek to determine why at that point that particular granary fell on that particular person. The first port of call is always witchcraft because If there had been no witchcraft, people would have been sitting under the granary and it would not have fallen on them, or it would have collapsed but the people would not have been sheltering under it at the time. Witchcraft explains the coincidence of these two happenings. To the Azande people it is perfectly rational to suspect witches are responsible for these acts, as t hey believe that witchcraft existing is a self-evident truth. They do not question if witchcraft but rather how. A Western scientist would consider the non-existence of witchcraft to be a self-evident truth and therefore conclude something different, that the death was an accident. E. Mansell Pattison believes that the difference is not a question of rationality but rather à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦our differing construction of what reality is. ; the self-evident truths we hold, and it would seem these are not as objective as we like to think they are. The extract from EE Evans-Pritchards Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Amongst the Azande is a much-discussed text. It attracts attention both for its interesting account of the ways in which the Azande and in particular the Azande men see the world, take decisions and live in it, and for the methodological and philosophical questions that it raises. Throughout the book, Evans-Pritchard takes issue with Là ©vy-Bruhls belief that the savage thinks in a different way from modern men. The Azande may have a world-picture which is different from our own, but in their reasoning and in their actions, they are just as logical and just as reasonable as we are. Moreover, the customs which seem bizarre or mistaken to us are, in the end, just as useful as our own. The anthropologist says that he used the poison oracle himself, and that it proved as satisfactory a way of organizing his life as any other. In view of this, it is rather surprising to discover that the philosopher, Peter Winch, has argued that Evans-Pritchards account is flawed. It is flawed because, says Winch, in the end, the anthropologist subscribes to the view that Azande witchcraft beliefs, and their faith in the poison oracle are mistaken. The European adopts a scientific view where the Zande adopt a mystical one and, says Winch, for Evans-Pritchard, the European is right and the Zande is wrong. Now, I dont know about you, but, if this really is Evans-Pritchards position and Im not absolutely sure that it is then it seems, on the face of it, to be quite reasonable. I do not myself believe that feeding poison to a chicken will or can offer me any enlightening information about the behaviour or motives of my neighbours. Nor do I believe that anyone can affect my health or my emotions by casting a spell on me. Moreover, I am convinced that my belief is well-founded. It is, I will claim, a scientific view of things, and has behind it all the weight of the immense advances in human knowledge and control of nature that science has brought about. What, then, can Winchs objection be? In essence, Winch argues that it is mistaken to compare the scientific view-point and Azande witchcraft beliefs at all. It is, he says, a category-mistake. My conception of the mystical which I then dismiss as nonsense is different from the Zandes conception of the oracle or the witch. In fact, the problem is that I do not have the same category magic that the Zande possess, and so I mistakenly try to understand it by measuring it against a category that I do possess science. From this point of view, the Azande have a richer culture than I do: they have a primitive technical sphere which, although rudimentary compared to mine, is adequate to their needs. But they also have magic, which I do not. Magic gives them the tools with which to do things that I cannot do, to think about things that I cannot think about (I think I am paraphrasing Winch here). I look at the Zande accounts of oracles and of witchcraft with amused condescension. But the Zande may have more justification in looking askance at my own cultural poverty.

Pygmalion Essay

Het verhaal draait om professor Henry Higgins, een deskundige op het gebied van fonetiek en het eenvoudige Cockney sprekende bloemenverkoopstertje Eliza Doolittle. Higgins gaat een weddenschap aan met zijn vriend kolonel Pickering dat hij erin zal slagen om Eliza in korte tijd niet alleen perfect Engels te leren maar haar ook de gangbare etiquette in de hogere kringen eigen te maken. Hij slaagt uiteindelijk in zijn opzet, maar tijdens het proces is Eliza zodanig geemancipeerd geraakt, dat zij aangeeft niet langer afhankelijk te zijn van Higgins en haar eigen weg te kunnen gaan. Pygmalion is a 1912 play by George Bernard Shaw, named after a Greek mythological character. Professor of phonetics Henry Higgins makes a bet that he can train a bedraggled Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, to pass for a duchess at an ambassador’s garden party by teaching her to assume a veneer of gentility, the most important element of which, he believes, is impeccable speech. The play is a sharp lampoon of the rigid British class system of the day and a commentary on women’s independence. In ancient Greek mythology, Pygmalion fell in love with one of his sculptures that came to life and was a popular subject for Victorian era English playwrights, including one of Shaw’s influences, W. S. Gilbert, who wrote a successful play based on the story in 1871, called Pygmalion and Galatea. Shaw also would have been familiar with the burlesque version, Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed. Shaw’s play has been adapted numerous times, most notably as the musical My Fair Lady and the film of that name. Plot Shaw was conscious of the difficulties involved in staging a complete representation of the play. Acknowledging in a â€Å"Note for technicians† that such a thing would only be possible â€Å"on the cinema screen or on stages furnished with exceptionally elaborate machinery†, he marked some scenes as candidates for omission if necessary. Of these, a short scene at the end of Act One in which Eliza goes home, and a scene in Act Two in which Eliza is unwilling to undress for her bath, are not described here. The others are the scene at the Embassy Ball in Act Three and the scene with Eliza and Freddy in Act Four. Neither the Gutenberg edition referenced throughout this page nor the Wikisource text linked below contain these sequences. Act One[edit] ‘Portico of Saint Paul’s Church (not Wren’s Cathedral but Inigo Jones Church in Covent Garden vegetable market)’ – 11. 15p. m. A group of people are sheltering from the rain. Among them are the Eynsford-Hills, superficial social climbers eking out a living in â€Å"genteel poverty†, consisting initially of Mrs. Sanford-Hill and her daughter Clara. Clara’s brother Freddy enters having earlier been dispatched to secure them a cab (which they can ill-afford), but being rather timid and faint-hearted he has failed to do so. As he goes off once again to find a cab, he bumps into a flower girl, Eliza. Her flowers drop into the mud of Covent Garden, the flowers she needs to survive in her poverty-stricken world. Shortly they are joined by a gentleman, Colonel Pickering. While Eliza tries to sell flowers to the Colonel, a bystander informs her that a man is writing down everything she says. The man is Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics. Eliza worries that Higgins is a police officer and will not calm down until Higgins introduces himself. It soon becomes apparent that he and Colonel Pickering have a shared interest in phonetics; indeed, Pickering has come from India to meet Higgins, and Higgins was planning to go to India to meet Pickering. Higgins tells Pickering that he could pass off the flower girl as a duchess merely by teaching her to speak properly. These words of bravado spark an interest in Eliza, who would love to make changes in her life and become more mannerly, even though, to her, it only means working in a flower shop. At the end of the act, Freddy returns after finding a taxi, only to find that his mother and sister have gone and left him with the cab. The streetwise Eliza takes the cab from him, using the money that Higgins tossed to her, leaving him on his own. Act Two[edit] Higgins’ – Next Day. As Higgins demonstrates his phonetics to Pickering, the housekeeper, Mrs. Pearce, tells him that a young girl wants to see him. Eliza has shown up, because she wishes to talk like a lady in a flower shop. She then tells Higgins that she will pay for lessons. He shows no interest in her, but she reminds him of his boast the previous day. Higgins claimed that he could pass her for a duchess. Pickering makes a bet with him on his claim, and says that he will pay for her lessons if Higgins succeeds. She is sent off to have a bath. Mrs. Pearce tells Higgins that he must behave himself in the young girl’s presence. He must stop swearing, and improve his table manners. He is at a loss to understand why she should find fault with him. Then Alfred Doolittle, Eliza’s father, appears with the sole purpose of getting money out of Higgins. He has no interest in his daughter in a paternal way. He sees himself as a member of the undeserving poor, and means to go on being undeserving. He has an eccentric view of life, brought about by a lack of education and an intelligent brain. He is also aggressive, and when Eliza, on her return, sticks her tongue out at him, he goes to hit her, but is prevented by Pickering. The scene ends with Higgins telling Pickering that they really have got a difficult job on their hands. Act Three[edit] Mrs. Higgins’ drawing room. Higgins bursts in and tells his mother he has picked up a â€Å"common flower girl† whom he has been teaching. Mrs. Higgins is not very impressed with her son’s attempts to win her approval because it is her ‘at home’ day and she is entertaining visitors. The visitors are the Eynsford-Hills. Higgins is rude to them on their arrival. Eliza enters and soon falls into talking about the weather and her family. Whilst she is now able to speak in beautifully modulated tones, the substance of what she says remains unchanged from the gutter. She confides her suspicions that her aunt was killed by relatives, and mentions that gin had been â€Å"mother’s milk† to this aunt, and that Eliza’s own father was always more cheerful after a good amount of gin. Higgins passes off her remarks as â€Å"the new small talk†, and Freddy is enraptured. When she is leaving, he asks her if she is going to walk across the park, to which she replies, â€Å"Walk? Not bloody likely! (This is the most famous line from the play, and, for many years after the play’s debut, use of the word ‘bloody’ was known as a pygmalion; Mrs. Campbell was considered to have risked her career by speaking the line on stage. [7]) After she and the Eynsford-Hills leave, Henry asks for his mother’s opinion. S he says the girl is not presentable and is very concerned about what will happen to her, but neither Higgins nor Pickering understand her thoughts of Eliza’s future, and leave feeling confident and excited about how Eliza will get on. This leaves Mrs. Higgins feeling exasperated, and exclaiming, â€Å"Men! Men!! Men!!! † Act Four[edit] Higgins’ home – The time is midnight, and Higgins, Pickering, and Eliza have returned from the ball. A tired Eliza sits unnoticed, brooding and silent, while Pickering congratulates Higgins on winning the bet. Higgins scoffs and declares the evening a â€Å"silly tomfoolery†, thanking God it’s over and saying that he had been sick of the whole thing for the last two months. Still barely acknowledging Eliza beyond asking her to leave a note for Mrs. Pearce regarding coffee, the two retire to bed. Higgins returns to the room, looking for his slippers, and Eliza throws them at him. Higgins is taken aback, and is at first completely unable to understand Eliza’s preoccupation, which aside from being ignored after her triumph is the question of what she is to do now. When Higgins does understand he makes light of it, saying she could get married, but Eliza interprets this as selling herself like a prostitute. â€Å"We were above that at the corner of Tottenham Court Road. † Finally she returns her jewellery to Higgins, including the ring he had given her, which he throws into the fireplace with a violence that scares Eliza. Furious with himself for losing his temper, he damns Mrs. Pearce, the coffee and then Eliza, and finally himself, for â€Å"lavishing† his knowledge and his â€Å"regard and intimacy† on a â€Å"heartless guttersnipe†, and retires in great dudgeon. Eliza roots around in the fireplace and retrieves the ring. Act Five[edit] Mrs. Higgins’ drawing room, the next morning. Higgins and Pickering, perturbed by the discovery that Eliza has walked out on them, call on Mrs. Higgins to phone the police. Higgins is particularly distracted, since Eliza had assumed the responsibility of maintaining his diary and keeping track of his possessions, which causes Mrs. Higgins to decry their calling the police as though Eliza were â€Å"a lost umbrella†. Doolittle is announced; he emerges dressed in splendid wedding attire and is furious with Higgins, who after their previous encounter had been so taken with Doolittle’s unorthodox ethics that he had recommended him as the â€Å"most original moralist in England† to a rich American founding Moral Reform Societies; the American had subsequently left Doolittle a pension worth three thousand pounds a year, as a consequence of which Doolittle feels intimidated into joining the middle class and marrying his missus. Mrs. Higgins observes that this at least settles the problem of who shall provide for Eliza, to which Higgins objects — after all, he paid Doolittle five pounds for her. Mrs. Higgins informs her son that Eliza is upstairs, and explains the circumstances of her arrival, alluding to how marginalised and overlooked Eliza felt the previous night. Higgins is unable to appreciate this, and sulks when told that he must behave if Eliza is to join them. Doolittle is asked to wait outside. Eliza enters, at ease and self-possessed. Higgins blusters but Eliza isn’t shaken and speaks exclusively to Pickering. Throwing Higgins’ previous insults back at him (â€Å"Oh, I’m only a squashed cabbage leaf†), Eliza remarks that it was only by Pickering’s example that she learned to be a lady, which renders Higgins speechless. Eliza goes on to say that she has completely left behind the flower girl she was, and that she couldn’t utter any of her old sounds if she tried — at which point Doolittle emerges from the balcony, causing Eliza to relapse totally into her gutter speech. Higgins is jubilant, jumping up and crowing over her. Doolittle explains his predicament and asks if Eliza will come to his wedding. Pickering and Mrs. Higgins also agree to go, and leave with Doolittle with Eliza to follow. The scene ends with another confrontation between Higgins and Eliza. Higgins asks if Eliza is satisfied with the revenge she has wrought thus far and if she will now come back, but she refuses. Higgins defends himself from Eliza’s earlier accusation by arguing that he treats everyone the same, so she shouldn’t feel singled out. Eliza replies that she just wants a little kindness, and that since he will never stoop to show her this, she will not come back, but will marry Freddy. Higgins scolds her for such low ambitions: he has made her â€Å"a consort for a king. † When she threatens to teach phonetics and offer herself as an assistant to Nepommuck, Higgins again loses his temper and promises to wring her neck if she does so. Eliza realises that this last threat strikes Higgins at the very core and that it gives her power over him; Higgins, for his part, is delighted to see a spark of fight in Eliza rather than her erstwhile fretting and worrying. He remarks â€Å"I like you like this†, and calls her a â€Å"pillar of strength†. Mrs. Higgins returns and she and Eliza depart for the wedding. As they leave Higgins incorrigibly gives Eliza a number of errands to run, as though their recent conversation had not taken place. Eliza disdainfully explains why they are unnecessary, and wonders what Higgins is going to do without her. Higgins laughs to himself at the idea of Eliza marrying Freddy as the play ends. Ending[edit] Pygmalion was the most broadly appealing of all Shaw’s plays. But popular audiences, looking for pleasant entertainment with big stars in a West End venue, wanted a â€Å"happy ending† for the characters they liked so well, as did some critics. [8] During the 1914 run, to Shaw’s exasperation but not to his surprise, Tree sought to sweeten Shaw’s ending to please himself and his record houses. [9] Shaw returned for the 100th performance and watched Higgins, standing at the window, toss a bouquet down to Eliza. â€Å"My ending makes money, you ought to be grateful,† protested Tree. â€Å"Your ending is damnable; you ought to be shot. [10][11] Shaw remained sufficiently irritated to add a postscript essay, â€Å"‘What Happened Afterwards,†[12] to the 1916 print edition for inclusion with subsequent editions, in which he explained precisely why it was impossible for the story to end with Higgins and Eliza getting married. He continued to protect the play’s and Eliza’s integrity by protecting the last scene. For at least some performances during the 1920 revival, Shaw adjusted the ending in a way that underscored the Shavian message. In an undated note to Mrs.  Campbell he wrote, When Eliza emancipates herself — when Galatea comes to life — she must not relapse. She must retain her pride and triumph to the end. When Higgins takes your arm on ‘consort battleship’ you must instantly throw him off with implacable pride; and this is the note until the final ‘Buy them yourself. ‘ He will go out on the balcony to watch your departure; come back triumphantly into the room; exclaim ‘Galatea! ‘ (meaning that the statue has come to life at last); and — curtain. Thus he gets the last word; and you get it too. 13] (This ending is not included in any print version of the play. ) Shaw fought uphill against such a reversal of fortune for Eliza all the way to 1938. He sent the film’s harried producer, Gabriel Pascal, a concluding sequence which he felt offered a fair compromise: a romantically-set farewell scene between Higgins and Eliza, then Freddy and Eliza happy in their greengrocery/flower shop. Only at the sneak preview did he learn that Pascal had shot the â€Å"I washed my face and hands† conclusion, to reassure audiences that Shaw’s Galatea wouldn’t really come to life, after all.

The Lost Secret of Great Gatsby Essay Topics

The Lost Secret of Great Gatsby Essay Topics Great Gatsby Essay Topics Secrets You may also find different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Myrtle is thought to be lower class, as she doesn't have a fortune. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. The manner money can impact the sort of person someone becomes and how they perceive the lives of others because of this. If this is the case, you probably wish to seek out methods to help them consolidate and synthesize everything they've learned from the text. Even much better is the circumstance whereby the great story is all about an important ideal that's held dear amongst a larger part of the general public. Therefore, it's ok to receive a bit personal here and convey your standpoint. Yet it is not possible to comprehend the novel as a whole without possessin g a comprehension of Daisy. Where and how one lives may have a fantastic effect on their qualities as an individual. He fails to attempt hard work and crime is the sole way he achieved his so much sought after wealth. This might be taken many ways. Actually, they go on a quick vacation, which is a sign of the absence of compassion they have toward others. Artists use colors in their paintings when they would like you to find out what they are attempting to express. Even though the American Dream is admirable, it's not possible to attain eternal satisfaction. It is just that, a dream. Explore the dominant musical forms of the 1920s. You won't be let down. The only means to live the American dream is by way of hard work. It is something every person works for throughout his or her life. The story would likewise be very different if it was told in the third-person perspective. If you have seen every character in the novel is related to a particular theme, which means you can utilize Tom Buchan's character as perfect instance of violence in the Great Gatsby essay. Every one of these characters was made in the mind of the author not just to earn a great story, but also to provide a glimpse into the human condition. Myrtle, however, is another story. The previous paragraph is just one sentence and is, in addition, the previous sentence in the book. A great thesis statement is similar to a movie trailer. Therefore, the subject of character flaws and the way it impacts the over strength of the plot is a possible game-changer when researching or writing about this book. On the face of it, it seems to be a usual story of broken hopes and expectations. If however, you believe the endeavor is a little too much for, there is not any shame in contacting the professionals. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. Provide all the first details, let us know about the deadline, and we'll begin making your paper to help you receive high grades. Even in the event the deadline is truly tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. From the opposite side, when you need to purchase essay, you should require the service where you order. This sample focuses on all these subjects and ought to offer you a lot of inspiring suggestions to work with. Each prompt also has subpoints that could act as advanced options or for clarifying ideas in every single essay. When assigning your students to compose essays about the novel, you may want to give them ideas for how they may think outside the box in regard to the themes that the text raises. Don't hesitate to modify the prompts to fulfill the requirements of your students. It can be beneficial to create a very simple outline before hand to guide how you will go about your essay. Choose two and talk about their gatsby in the book utilizing specific great from the text to back up your analysis. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Great Gatsby Essay Topics Gatsby's dream was supposed to get Daisy. Wonderful Gatsby reunites with Daisy yet he fails to win her love, just like he doesn't acquire sympathy and support from others. The cover of the very first printing of The Great Gatsby is one of the most celebrated parts of art in American literature. A summary of The Great Gatsby. Because The Great Gatsby is told in the very first person, there's some bias in just what the narrator describes. It's really challenging job to compose Great Gatsby essay on your own. With the latest release of the Great Gatsby movie, many teachers are opting to assign essays on the subject. Compare and contrast the part of women and men in The Great Gatsby.

The Emergence Of Self Concept - 1489 Words

The Emergence of Self Throughout our history the idea of self has developed and proved to be a dominant concept that Americans have come to understand. Not defined or found in lineage, religion, or history, the concept of self is defined by a collection of values. These values and principles are rooted in individualism, self-actualization, and self-reliance where people are able to fulfill their own destiny and believe in the promise that through ward work and determination life can be different and better. These concepts are found deeply rooted in the groundwork of America. The idea of self has emerged in our culture and survived because it promotes an experience that finds fulfillment in one’s life or in the lives of other Americans. This Idea became most prominent from the early writers of American literature, who created and exemplified the ideas of the self. Before discussing the topic of the emergence of self, we first must attempt to understand the definition of self. S elf-concept, as it is more commonly known as, is mainly understood as the realization of our own being. It can be thought as a way that we perceive who we are, what is our purpose and how we fit into society. Self-concept can be complexly defined. For example, it can be explained as a cognitive representation of oneself that gives understanding and meaning to one’s experience, including one’s relations to to other people. Nonetheless, self-concept can also be defined as life being aware of itself.Show MoreRelatedIntegrating Complexity Science Concepts Into The Examination Of L.r1271 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrating complexity science concepts into the examination of L.R.’s transition process presents a new angle to study this transition and speculate patient outcome (Geary Schumacher, 2012). Part of L.S.’s self-organization of new patterns that have emerged through this transition is his desire to â€Å"get his life on track†. 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However, the basic laws of physics in our universe must naturally allow for the emergence of global system complexity that is derived from more fundamental physical processes when they are precisely coupled into a broader coherent structure. So these emergent rules of complexity are not strictly physical laws in the Newtonian sense butRead MoreFrom the Mind to the Body, Self Comes to Mind1652 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ From the Mind to the Body, Self Comes to Mind The mind emerged from the body through the originations of conscious thoughts in an introspective manner that is accessible to the self. A connection between mind and body eventually developed a proprietor within the thinking mind. The neuropsychologist Antonio Damasio believes that a mind with subjectivity is a conscious mind, otherwise one would not know of his existence, who he is, and what he thinks (Damasio, 2010). At some pointRead MoreA Leader Of Large Scale Boycotts On British Goods1445 Words   |  6 PagesActions like these, along with many others, exhibited the emergence of contradicting cultural development in the early-half of the 18th century: the continuation of closeness to English society, and the steady distancing of the American colonists from the British. For the majority of the 18th century, colonial America sprouted shocking ideas of the power of the individual through events like the Great Awakening and Enlightenment, and the emergence of unique opinions like the Whig ideology. However, theRead MoreEssay on Market Society1680 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"protestant work ethic† and the â€Å"spirit of capitalism† and how those two is important to the emergence of the market society. Lastly, this paper will be concluded by explaining why the shift to market society is a necessary transformation. Market society is characterized by the self-regulation market system, the shift in relations between economy and social relations, and the commodification of everything. The self-regulation market system refers to as â€Å"a system capable of organizing the whole economicRead MoreThe Concept of Gestalt Psychology1439 Words   |  6 Pagesvisual recognition rather relying on curves and lines. Structuralism is an opposition to gestaltism. A better explanation of the gestalt theory is that whole form is greater than the sum of its individual parts (Ruscio, 2006, p. 30). Origins The concept of gestalt was introduced first in contemporary psychology and philosophy by Christian von Ehrenfels. The idea of gestalt is based on the psychological and philosophical ideas by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, David Hume, David Hartley, Immanuel KantRead MoreHow Leaders And Non Leaders Throughout Higher Education Setting1320 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis. The findings provide several interesting points in terms of emergent leadership in study teams. In line with Offermann et al. (1994), the results suggest that most of respondents perceive and regard it as a positive concept. There might be two reasons for this: one is the concept of leadership seems positive; the other is that most of researches discuss the good side of leadership and this guides readers to think leadership positively. Based on data analysis, leadership in this study tend to be